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Author: misamaliraza94

  • Carbanions and Carbocations

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    What are Carbanions? They are generated by heterolytically cleaving a group attached to carbon without removing the bonded electrons. This makes the carbon have a pair of electrons, thereby, imparting a negative charge on the carbon. CH3– is isoelectronic with NH3 and it is sp3 hybridized and the shape is pyramidal owing to the presence of a lone pair of electrons. Formation of…

  • What are Free Radicals?

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    Why Triplet Carbene is more Stable than Singlet? Triplet carbene has lower energy than singlet carbene because in singlet carbene there are more inter-electronic repulsions as both the electrons exist in the same orbital whereas in triplet carbene the two electrons exist in different orbitals making it possess less energy. What are Free Radicals? Free radicals in organic chemistry…

  • Hybridization of Singlet and Triplet Carbene

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    inglet carbene Hybridisation: They are sp2 hybridized with a bent shape. They have a bond angle of 103° and bond length of 112 pm. Hybridization of Singlet Carbene Triplet Carbene Hybridization: They possess a sp hybrid orbital with a linear shape. They have a bond angle and bond length of 180° and 103 pm respectively.

  • Reaction Intermediates in Organic Chemistry

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    Intermediates can be understood as the first product of a consecutive reaction. For example, in a chemical reaction, if A→B and B→C, then, B can be said to be the intermediate for reaction A→C. The reactions in organic chemistry occur via the formation of these intermediates.

  • What is Heterolytic Cleavage?

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    If the covalent bonds between two elements break heterolytically, i.e., unequally, it results in the formation of charged species. This type of bond breaking, where the electrons are unevenly distributed is called heterolytic cleavage. Heterolytic Cleavage of Covalent Bond In the above figure, we have used arrows to signify the movement of electrons, a regular…

  • Cleavage of Bonds

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    The reactions in organic chemistry occur by the breaking and making of bonds. Bonds can cleave in either of two ways: Homolytic Cleavage Heterolytic cleavage What is Homolytic Cleavage? If the covalent bonds between two elements break in such a way that each of the elements get their own electrons, it is called homolytic cleavage. That is, each element gets…

  • Organic Chemistry Introduction

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    Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:

  • Branches of Chemistry with Examples 

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    Now that you are aware of the all 10 branches of chemistry. Let us understand the concept better with the help of examples: Branches of Chemistry Branches of Chemistry Real Life Examples Organic Chemistry Washing detergents, Plastics, Hair dyes Inorganic Chemistry Floor cleaner, Soap Physical Chemistry Water boiling, Water freezing Analytical Chemistry Water and Soil…

  • Other Branches of Chemistry

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    There are other ways chemistry can be divided into categories. Depending on who you ask, other disciplines might be included as a main branch of chemistry. Other examples of branches of chemistry include: Astrochemistry: Astrochemistry examines the abundance of elements and compounds in the universe, their reactions with each other, and the interaction between radiation and matter.…

  • Industrial Chemistry

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    Industrial Chemistry is important to manufacture new products. Raw products are dissolved, heated, filtering and various other techniques to form a new product. Examples of industrial chemistry are petrochemicals – ethylene, propylene, benzene, styrene, Ceramic products – silica brick, frit, etc.