Author: misamaliraza94

What is Unification? Unification is a process of making two different logical atomic expressions identical by finding a substitution. Unification depends on the substitution process. It takes two literals as input and makes them identical using substitution. Let Ψ1 and Ψ2 be two atomic sentences and ? be a unifier such that, Ψ1? = Ψ2?, then it can…

Inference in First-Order Logic is used to deduce new facts or sentences from existing sentences. Before understanding the FOL inference rule, let’s understand some basic terminologies used in FOL. Substitution: Substitution is a fundamental operation performed on terms and formulas. It occurs in all inference systems in first-order logic. The substitution is complex in the…

What is knowledge-engineering? The process of constructing a knowledge-base in first-order logic is called as knowledge- engineering. In knowledge-engineering, someone who investigates a particular domain, learns important concept of that domain, and generates a formal representation of the objects, is known as knowledge engineer. In this topic, we will understand the Knowledge engineering process in an electronic…

In the topic of Propositional logic, we have seen that how to represent statements using propositional logic. But unfortunately, in propositional logic, we can only represent the facts, which are either true or false. PL is not sufficient to represent the complex sentences or natural language statements. The propositional logic has very limited expressive power.…

As in the previous topic we have learned about the wumpus world and how a knowledge-based agent evolves the world. Now in this topic, we will create a knowledge base for the wumpus world, and will derive some proves for the Wumpus-world using propositional logic. The agent starts visiting from first square [1, 1], and…

Wumpus world: The Wumpus world is a simple world example to illustrate the worth of a knowledge-based agent and to represent knowledge representation. It was inspired by a video game Hunt the Wumpus by Gregory Yob in 1973. The Wumpus world is a cave which has 4/4 rooms connected with passageways. So there are total 16 rooms…

Inference: In artificial intelligence, we need intelligent computers which can create new logic from old logic or by evidence, so generating the conclusions from evidence and facts is termed as Inference. Inference rules: Inference rules are the templates for generating valid arguments. Inference rules are applied to derive proofs in artificial intelligence, and the proof is…

Propositional logic (PL) is the simplest form of logic where all the statements are made by propositions. A proposition is a declarative statement which is either true or false. It is a technique of knowledge representation in logical and mathematical form. Example: a) It is Sunday.   b) The Sun rises from West (False proposition)   c) 3+3= 7(False proposition)   d) 5 is a prime number.    Following are some basic facts about propositional logic: Propositional…

There are mainly four ways of knowledge representation which are given as follows: Logical Representation Semantic Network Representation Frame Representation Production Rules 1. Logical Representation Logical representation is a language with some concrete rules which deals with propositions and has no ambiguity in representation. Logical representation means drawing a conclusion based on various conditions. This…

Humans are best at understanding, reasoning, and interpreting knowledge. Human knows things, which is knowledge and as per their knowledge they perform various actions in the real world. But how machines do all these things comes under knowledge representation and reasoning. Hence we can describe Knowledge representation as following: Knowledge representation and reasoning (KR, KRR) is…