<\/p>\n\n\n\n
David said, \u201cI\u2019m baking a chocolate cake for you.\u2019\u2019<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n David said that he was baking a chocolate cake for me.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n If we consider these two sentences, we might notice that both of them convey the same message, but there is a difference if we look closely. In the first sentence, I am conveying the activities of David in his (D) own words without changing it; it is called direct speech<\/strong> or we can say reporting speech<\/strong>. In the second sentence, I am using my own words to convey the activities of the speaker (D) to the audience. This we can say indirect speech<\/strong> or reported speech<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n There are some major rules to change these speeches from direct to indirect. We need to consider the tense, pronoun, words<\/strong> that describe time, place, distance, types of sentences, etc. let\u2019s have a glance at the following rules:<\/p>\n\n\n\n In an indirect speech the pronoun changes according to the speaker whether s\/he is referring himself\/herself or a third person. We can make this clearer if we learn this with some examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n a. Reporting Interrogative sentences:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n I)<\/strong> If there is a yes-no question in the direct speech, then the reported speech will start with whether\/if <\/em>and the reported clause form will be (subject+verb).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n II) <\/strong>In indirect speech questions starting with who, whom, when, how, where and what the wh-word would be the subject or the object of the reported clause:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n b. Reporting statement sentences:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n In a statement speech, we will use \u2018that\u2019 before the reported statement and the reported verb will be \u2018told\u2019 (followed by an object) or \u2018said\u2019 (will not be followed by an object).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n c. Reporting imperative sentences:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n We will use \u2018to\u2019 as joining clause before the reported command or request, and the reported verb will be changed according to the moods of the sentence (e.g., ordered, requested, urged, advised, forbade or begged)<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n d. Reporting exclamatory sentences:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n To change direct exclamatory speeches to the indirect one we need to replace interjection (hurrah, wow, alas, oh, etc.) with joining clause \u2018that\u2019 and the exclamatory wh-words (what, how) will be replaced by \u2018very\u2019 before the adjective in the reported clause.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Usually, the present changes to past tense while we change direct speech to indirect. <\/p>\n\n\n\n a. Simple present tense to simple past tense:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Exceptions<\/em>:<\/strong> If the content is still true or happening then we do not need to change the tense in the reported speech. Like;<\/p>\n\n\n\n b. Present continuous to past continuous tense<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n c. Present perfect to past perfect tense:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n d. Present perfect continuous to past perfect continuous tense:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n e. Simple past to past perfect tense<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n f. Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous tense;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Note:<\/strong> If two sentences are combined with a conjunction, and both sentences have different tenses then we need to change the tenses of both sentences according to the rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n g. Past perfect tense does not change in the indirect speech;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n h Simple future tense to present conditional;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n a.<\/strong> Modal verbs like shall, will, can, may change in reported speech. Let\u2019s follow some examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Note:<\/strong> shall becomes should if it implies a question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n b.<\/strong> Modal verbs like could, should, need, must, might, used to do not change in reported speech.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Example:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Indirect speech differs from the direct speech\u2019s time and place. When someone is conveying the message to the listener, the speaker might not be on the same day or place. So the demonstrative (this, that etc.) and the adverb of time and place (here, there, today, now, etc.) change. We can look into the following chart for the usual changes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Narration: Reported to Reporting Speech David said, \u201cI\u2019m baking a chocolate cake for you.\u2019\u2019 David said that he was baking a chocolate cake for me. If we consider these two sentences, we might notice that both of them convey the same message, but there is a difference if we look closely. In the first sentence, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[238],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/449"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=449"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/449\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=449"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=449"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mudassirbackup.infinitycodestudio.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=449"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}1. Pronoun:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
2. Type of sentences:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
3. Tense:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
4. Modals:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
5. Adverbs and demonstratives:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
direct<\/td> indirect<\/td><\/tr> now<\/td> Then\/at that moment<\/td><\/tr> today<\/td> That day<\/td><\/tr> Tomorrow<\/td> The next day<\/td><\/tr> Yesterday<\/td> The day before<\/td><\/tr> come<\/td> go<\/td><\/tr> Bring<\/td> take<\/td><\/tr> this<\/td> that<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n